The Double-Edged Sword: Unveiling the Impact of Women's Financial Inclusion on Intimate Partner Violence in India

We empirically examine the causal impact of women's financial inclusion on their exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) using data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), India. However, establishing a causal link between women's financial inclusion and IPV is challenging due to unobserved confounders and reverse causality. To overcome these obstacles, we adopt a nonparametric bounds approach. Relying on relatively weak assumptions, we find robust evidence that women's financial inclusion significantly increases their exposure to IPV. Further, we provide suggestive evidence that this result arises because women's financial inclusion is likely to disrupt patriarchal beliefs about gender roles, lead to female guilt, and increase husbands' use of IPV for instrumental reasons. Our findings suggest that empowering women financially, while crucial, may inadvertently increase their vulnerability to IPV unless such initiatives are paired with efforts to shift underlying cultural norms surrounding gender.