Moving towards technology co-adoption: Intervention points for accelerating the energy transition in European households

Accelerating the energy transition requires not only technological progress, but also changes in household adoption behaviour. While modular low-carbon technologies are increasingly available and affordable, their full decarbonisation potential often depends on the co-adoption of multiple, complementary technologies. This paper investigates patterns and drivers of household technology co-adoption and their implications for accelerating net-zero transitions. We collect large-scale survey data from households in three European countries, and apply latent class analysis to identify distinct clusters of low-carbon technology behaviours. The survey data allows us to quantitatively analyse the socio-demographic, behavioural, and attitudinal factors associated with cluster membership. We then examine how households shift across these clusters under socio-technical scenarios reflecting potential policy interventions. The results reveal substantial heterogeneity in co-adoption pathways and show that coordinated interventions, such as higher incomes, increased home ownership, stronger pro-environmental behaviour, and participation in energy communities, can move households toward higher levels of co-adoption. These findings highlight the importance of targeting household-specific intervention points to activate reinforcing dynamics and accelerate the diffusion of complementary low-carbon technologies.