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Retrospective patient tissue cohorts of breast and lung cancer BM were stratified by histopathological scoring of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical outcome, with a large subset of breast cancer samples further analyzed by TCR and RNA sequencing. An ongoing clinical trial comparing pre-operative and post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic radiotherapy in BM management was then leveraged to dissect radiation-induced immune responses by TCR and RNA sequencing.