Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Chronic Wound Healing Therapy

Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMNPs) have emerged as a promising platform for targeted drug delivery and therapeutic applications due to their unique properties, such as improved biocompatibility, prolonged circulation time, and ability to mimic natural cell functions. The preparation of CMNPs involves three critical stages: extraction of the cell membrane, preparation of the nanoparticle core, and membrane coating. The cell membrane is isolated through various methods, including hypotonic lysis, freeze-thaw cycles, and centrifugation, with careful attention paid to preserving its integrity and functionality. Nanoparticle cores, which can be organic (eg, PLGA, liposomes) or inorganic (eg, metal-based cores), offer distinct advantages in terms of drug loading capacity, stability, and therapeutic potential. The fusion of the core and the membrane is typically achieved through techniques such as membrane extrusion, sonication, and electroporation. These methods enable the efficient formation of core-shell nanostructures, which can be utilized for a range of biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery, cancer therapy, and tissue regeneration. This review discusses the key aspects of CMNP preparation, including membrane extraction and purification techniques, core selection, and fusion methods, as well as the current trends and future directions in the development of CMNPs for therapeutic purposes.