Formulation and Application of a Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1-Loaded Transfersomal System to Enhance Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rat Models

Background: Transdermal drug delivery is a local and non-invasive method for treating skin diseases that offers advantages such as sustained and long-term drug release. Methods: In this study, transfersomes (TFs) containing human Insulin-like growth factor 1 (TF/hIGF-1) were prepared and characterized as an effective transdermal drug delivery system to improve skin wound healing in diabetic models. TFs were prepared using the film hydration method and characterized by various methods. Results: Pre-release evaluation confirmed the controlled release of human insulin-like growth factor (hIGF-1) supported by TEM images, showing dispersed spherical shapes with particle sizes below 100 nm. In vitro studies of these nanovesicles demonstrated that encapsulation significantly improved the stability and functionality of hIGF-1, enhancing cell migration and complete closure of cell monolayer gaps. In vivo studies on diabetic rats treated with TF/hIGF-1 hydrogel revealed accelerated wound healing compared to controls. Histopathological analysis also showed increased epidermal thickness and dermal protrusions, indicating enhanced healing effects. Conclusion: Overall, this study demonstrated that hIGF-1 released from TF/hIGF-1 in a controlled manner could effectively promote re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation in diabetic wounds of animal models compared to controls. These findings suggest a promising and effective approach for potential use in treating diabetic wounds.