The Cross-Species Implantable ATP Battery Inspired by Photosynthesis for Application in Diseases

Insufficient cellular energy and reducing equivalents critically disrupt physiological homeostasis, compromising the body's intrinsic repair mechanisms and posing a major challenge for treating many diseases. This review aims to explore the cross-species implantable ATP battery inspired by photosynthesis for application in diseases. This technology is designed to autonomously regenerate ATP within compromised human cells, directly countering the metabolic deficits underlying disease progression. We systematically delineate the three foundational components of this artificial photosynthetic system: the photooxidation module, responsible for transducing light energy into an electrochemical proton gradient; the photophosphorylation module, which harnesses this gradient to power ATP synthesis; and the encapsulation system, essential for spatial organization, functional integrity, and targeted cellular delivery. The coordinated operation of these modules enables sustained, light-powered ATP production within human cells, establishing a functional mimicry of natural photosynthesis at the cellular level. Moreover, we evaluate the therapeutic feasibility of this platform across diverse pathological contexts, including the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, metabolically impaired tissue regenerations, and energy-deficient neurons. This technology platform integrates synthetic biology, materials science, and targeted delivery strategies. By directly restoring cellular bioenergetics and facilitating reparative processes, it holds transformative potential for treating diverse diseases. Thereby, it represents a pioneering step towards establishing metabolic reprogramming and precision energy restoration as a core clinical therapeutic modality in human diseases.