The Amsler Grid in Everyday Practice: A Review of Its Role and Limitations in Primary Care

This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence on the use of the Amsler grid as a simple and cost-effective tool for detecting central visual field defects, particularly in macular disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Despite the availability of advanced imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT), the grid remains valuable in primary care and home monitoring due to its accessibility and ease of use. This review includes studies evaluating its diagnostic performance, clinical applications, and recent digital adaptations, with a focus on early detection and patient self-monitoring. It facilitates early detection of visual disturbances, enabling timely diagnosis and intervention. The test is applicable in various retinal conditions, including AMD, diabetic macular edema, central serous chorioretinopathy, and epiretinal membrane. Although its diagnostic accuracy varies depending on the condition and stage, clinical studies support its reliability as an adjunctive tool in everyday practice. Recent developments include mobile and web-based platforms, as well as integration with artificial intelligence, which may enhance diagnostic accuracy, enable longitudinal monitoring, and improve patient adherence. Early detection is crucial for preserving vision and reducing the global burden of visual impairment.