HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN DRINKING WATER: SOURCES, HEALTH RISKS, MONITORING, AND MITIGATION

Heavy metal contamination in drinking water is a critical global environmental and public health concern due to the toxic, persistent, and non-biodegradable nature of metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb),cadmium(Cd),mercury Hg), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). This paper reviews the sources, occurrence, toxicological impacts, monitoring techniques, regulatory frameworks, and mitigation strategies associated with heavy metals in drinking water. Data from multiple geographical regions reveal that anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and inadequate wastewater treatment are major contributors to elevated heavy metal levels. Chronic exposure can lead to severe health outcomes including neurological disorders, carcinogenesis, kidney damage, and developmental issues. The paper examines analytical methods like atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) used for monitoring, discusses international water quality guidelines,and evaluates remediation technologies including adsorption,membrane filtration,and phytoremediation.Effective management requires integrated policies, regular monitoring programs, community engagement, and investment in treatment technologies. Recommendations emphasize harmonized standards and innovation in low-cost treatment options.