Sinorhizobium and sustainable farming: Genomic approaches

Global population growth requires highly efficient and environmentally sustainable agricultural technologies that can ensure food security with minimal environmental impact. As an alternative to chemical preparations, organic farming uses biological mechanisms to provide plants with nutrients. This review systematizes the current data on the genomics of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Sinorhizobium. The review covered articles published in 1993–2025 and indexed in Scopus, MDPI, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The metadata were processed in Zotero and VOSviewer. The review summarizes information about the structure of Sinorhizobium genomes, key genes, and regulatory networks involved in the formation of symbiosis with host plants. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms that determine the effectiveness of biological nitrogen fixation and transport of iron, zinc, and phosphates. The obtained genomic data may be used to develop tailored biological products capable of increasing crop yield and stress resistance by targeted modification of the rhizosphere microbiome. The latest scientific achievements and solutions demonstrate a great potential for sustainable agricultural technologies that replace chemical fertilizers with microbial communities. This approach reduces environmental risks and ensures a long-term productivity of agroecosystems, supporting climate resilience biodiversity conservation and stable agricultural development.