Determinants of Career Choice Among Senior Pharmacy Students in Egypt: The Role of Self-Efficacy, Self-esteem, and Academic Performance

Career choices are influenced by psychological constructs, personal motivation, and academic factors. This study aimed to explore the role of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and academic performance in shaping career choices among senior pharmacy students in Egypt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 303 senior pharmacy students across six private universities. Data regarding demographics, Grade Point Average (GPA), career choice, influencing factors, and postgraduate intentions were captured via a structured questionnaire. Self-efficacy and self-esteem were assessed using validated scales. Most participants were female (69%) and had a GPA >3 (66%). Clinical pharmacy emerged as the most frequent career choice (32.3%), while salary and financial incentives were cited as the primary influencers (27.1%). Self-efficacy was highest among students pursuing academia (mean 4.47 ± 0.48) and research (mean 4.0 ± 0.39) careers, as well as those intending postgraduate studies (p = 0.027). GPA significantly influenced career choice (p = 0.023), with students having higher GPAs more likely to choose careers based on personal interest. Female students were more likely to choose clinical pharmacy (p = 0.007). Although self-efficacy and GPA influence the career choices of pharmacy students, self-esteem alone did not. Structured career counseling and early exposure to diverse pharmacy sectors may help align students’ career aspirations with their competencies and ensure better workforce planning.