السُّلْطَةُ فِي الخِطَابِ الرِّوَائِيِّ: تَحْلِيلٌ تَدَاوُلِيٌّ لِثُنَائِيَّةِ الحُرِّيَّةِ وَالهَيْمَنَةِ فِي رِوَايَةِ (لَا أَنَامْ) لِإِحْسَانِ عَبْدِ القُدُّوسِ Power in Narrative Discourse: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Dichotomy of Freedom and Domination in Ihsan ʿAbd al-Quddus’s novel La Anam (I Do Not Sleep)

يَهْدِفُ هٰذَا البَحْثُ إِلَى تَحْلِيلِ الخِطَابِ الرِّوَائِيِّ فِي رِوَايَةِ لَا أَنَامْ لِإِحْسَانِ عَبْدِ القُدُّوسِ، مِنْ مَنْظُورٍ تَدَاوُلِيٍّ يُبْرِزُ تَجَاذُبَ العَلَاقَةِ بَيْنَ اللُّغَةِ وَالسُّلْطَةِ وَالحُرِّيَّةِ فِي البِنَاءِ السَّرْدِيِّ. وَتَنْطَلِقُ الدِّرَاسَةُ مِنْ فَرْضِيَّةٍ مُفَادُهَا أَنَّ الخِطَابَ فِي هٰذِهِ الرِّوَايَةِ لَا يُؤَدِّي وَظِيفَةً جَمَالِيَّةً فَحَسْبُ، بَلْ يَنْجَزُ فِعْلًا اِجْتِمَاعِيًّا يُسَاهِمُ فِي إِعَادَةِ إِنْتَاجِ آلِيَّاتِ الهَيْمَنَةِ أَوْ تَفْكِيكِهَا مِنْ خِلَالِ الاِخْتِيَارَاتِ التَّدَاوُلِيَّةِ فِي اللُّغَةِ. وَقَدِ اِتَّبَعَ البَحْثُ مَنْهَجًا تَدَاوُلِيًّا تَفْسِيرِيًّا يَسْتَنِدُ إِلَى نَظَرِيَّةِ أَفْعَالِ الكَلَامِ لِأُوسْتِينْ وَسِيرْلْ، وَنَظَرِيَّةِ المُجَامَلَةِ وَالوَجْهِ لِـ بْرَاوْنْ وَلِيفِنْسُونْ، فِي إِطَارِ مَدْرَسَةِ التَّحْلِيلِ النَّقْدِيِّ لِلْخِطَابِ كَمَا طَوَّرَهَا فِيرْكْلَافْ وَفَانْ دَايْكْ. وَتَمَّ اِخْتِيَارُ مَتْنٍ لُغَوِيٍّ مُنْتَقًى مِنْ حِوَارَاتِ الرِّوَايَةِ – خُصُوصًا بَيْنَ نَادِيَةَ وَوَالِدِهَا وَزَوْجِهَا – لِتَحْلِيلِ أَنْوَاعِ الأَفْعَالِ الكَلَامِيَّةِ الإِلْزَامِيَّةِ وَالتَّصْرِيحِيَّةِ وَالاِسْتِفْهَامِيَّةِ، وَمَا تُنْتِجُهُ مِنْ تَوَازُنَاتٍ وَتَغْيِيرَاتٍ فِي مَوَاقِعِ القُوَّةِ بَيْنَ المُتَكَلِّمِ وَالمُخَاطَبِ. وَتُظْهِرُ نَتَائِجُ الدِّرَاسَةِ أَنَّ رِوَايَةَ لَا أَنَامْ تُحَوِّلُ اللُّغَةَ إِلَى فَضَاءٍ لِصِرَاعٍ خَفِيٍّ بَيْنَ الرَّغْبَةِ فِي الحُرِّيَّةِ وَالخُضُوعِ لِلمَعَايِيرِ الأَبَوِيَّةِ؛ فَيَتَجَسَّدُ الصَّوْتُ الأُنْثَوِيُّ تَارَةً كَدِرْعٍ دِفَاعِيٍّ يَحْفَظُ «الوَجْهَ»، وَتَارَةً أُخْرَى كَسِلَاحٍ رَمْزِيٍّ يُعَارِضُ السُّلْطَةَ وَيُعِيدُ تَعْرِيفَ الذَّاتِ. كَمَا يَتَبَيَّنُ أَنَّ البِنْيَاتِ النَّحْوِيَّةَ وَأَنْظِمَةَ الإِحَالَةِ وَأَنْماطَ التَّلَفُّظِ تُسْهِمُ فِي إِعَادَةِ تَوْزِيعِ مَرَاكِزِ القُوَّةِ دَاخِلَ النَّصِّ، بِمَا يَجْعَلُ القِرَاءَةَ التَّدَاوُلِيَّةَ مَدْخَلًا فَاعِلًا لِفَهْمِ العَلَاقَةِ بَيْنَ البِنْيَةِ اللُّغَوِيَّةِ وَالوَظِيفَةِ الاِجْتِمَاعِيَّةِ لِلْقَوْلِ فِي الخِطَابِ الرِّوَائِيِّ العَرَبِيِّ. This article investigates the narrative discourse in Ihsan ʿAbd al-Quddus’s novel La Anam (I Do Not Sleep) from a pragmatic perspective that foregrounds the interplay between language, power, and freedom within the architecture of the novel. It departs from the assumption that narrative discourse in this text is not merely aesthetic, but performs a social act that reproduces – and at times destabilizes – mechanisms of domination and resistance through linguistic choices. The study adopts an interpretive pragmatic approach that combines Speech Act Theory (Austin, Searle) with Politeness and Face Theory (Brown & Levinson), within the broader framework of Critical Discourse Analysis as developed by Fairclough and van Dijk. A corpus of key dialogic scenes, particularly those involving Nadia and her father and husband, is selected and examined with a focus on directive, declarative and interrogative speech acts, as well as on implicatures, presuppositions and patterns of reference that structure the relations between speaker and hearer. The findings reveal that La Anam transforms language into a subtle arena of conflict between the female protagonist’s desire for autonomy and her submission to patriarchal social norms. The feminine voice uses language alternately as a defensive shield that protects face and as a symbolic weapon that contests paternal authority and renegotiates self-definition. Grammatical structures, pronominal choices and modes of enunciation are shown to redistribute positions of power within the discourse, suggesting that a pragmatic reading offers a productive lens for understanding Arabic narrative texts as sites where linguistic form and social power are tightly intertwined.