A comprehensive review on garlic oil as an eco-friendly pesticide alternative

In recent years, scientists and the public have expressed concern over the environmental problems caused by the overuse of synthetic pesticides. This has placed greater pressure on agricultural producers to adopt non-chemical approaches for pest control. The use of natural products is an excellent alternative to synthetic pesticides, helping to reduce their negative environmental and human health impacts. Thus, the urgent need for sustainable and eco-friendly pest control solutions has driven investigations into plant-derived oils as viable replacements for conventional synthetic pesticides. Garlic encompasses a diverse array of sulfur-containing compounds that possess unique chemical reactivity, biochemical characteristics, and significant biological roles in combating different agricultural pests. Conversely, the biological activity of garlic extracts is directly linked to the concentration of bioactive chemicals present in the garlic. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the present state of knowledge on the techniques and efficacy of extracting active ingredients from garlic and their effects on the composition of garlic extract. It further examines the resulting biological properties, mechanisms of action, formulation strategies, and practical applications within integrated pest management systems.