The effect of thermal immersion recovery (cold and hot) after aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in athletes

This study investigated the effects of thermal immersion recovery, using cold- and hot-water modalities, on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) responses following aerobic exercise in athletes. VEGF is a key mediator of angiogenesis and vascular adaptation, making its post-exercise behavior an important indicator of recovery quality and physiological remodeling. Ten trained athletes performed a standardized aerobic exercise session and were subsequently assigned to either cold-water immersion (15°C) or hot-water immersion (38°C). Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately after exercise, and following recovery to assess variations in VEGF and selected physiological markers.Findings revealed a clear post-exercise elevation in VEGF levels in all participants, confirming the angiogenic stimulus induced by aerobic exertion. Cold-water immersion produced a faster decline in oxidative stress markers and a moderate increase in VEGF relative to baseline, suggesting improved endothelial stability and accelerated recovery. Conversely, hot-water immersion resulted in a more sustained VEGF elevation, likely attributed to enhanced blood flow, vasodilation, and thermal stimulation of vascular activity.Both methods demonstrated beneficial yet distinct physiological pathways, indicating that thermal immersion can be strategically selected according to specific training objectives. Cold immersion appears more suitable for rapid recovery and oxidative stress reduction, while hot immersion may better support long-term vascular adaptation.This study offers valuable practical insights for coaches, practitioners, and sports science professionals seeking evidence-based recovery strategies that enhance vascular function and athletic performance.