Development and Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Fenugreek Energy Bars and Their Relation to PCOS

Purpose: Effective sterilization is essential to prevent surgical site infections in operation theatres (OTs).In developing countries like Pakistan, inconsistent adherence to sterilization protocols due to limited infrastructure, inadequate training, and poor supervision remains a major concern.This study assessed the knowledge, awareness, and adherence of OT healthcare workers to sterilization protocols in public hospitals.Methods: A six-month cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025 at two public hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan, including 76 OT healthcare workers with over six months of experience.Data were collected using a structured, prevalidated questionnaire assessing knowledge, awareness, and practices.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26.Descriptive statistics summarized demographics and awareness levels, while chi-square tests, t-tests, Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression identified predictors of higher knowledge.Results: Participants had a mean age of 41.7 ± 9.6 years and 9.8 ± 6.3 years of experience.Only 28.9% correctly identified the Spaulding classification, and 50% knew standard autoclave temperature.Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was 59.2%, and 40.8% were directly involved in daily sterilization.Major barriers included lack of time (27.6%) and insufficient training (23.7%).Knowledge was significantly associated with education (p = 0.015), designation (p = 0.031), and prior training (p = 0.001).Training (OR = 2.5, p = 0.030) and experience (OR = 1.08, p = 0.020) independently predicted higher knowledge levels.Conclusion: Significant gaps exist in sterilization knowledge and practices among OT staff.Regular training, supervision, and standardized protocols are vital to enhance infection control and patient safety.