Microplastics in water: occurrence, detection, and impacts – a comprehensive review of multiple studies

ABSTRACT Microplastic (MP) pollution is a critical environmental issue, with widespread contamination documented across marine, freshwater, and remote ecosystems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the occurrence, detection, and impacts of MPs in aquatic environments. It highlights their global distribution, influenced by anthropogenic activities, hydrodynamic conditions, and geographical factors, with high concentrations in urban rivers. Key transport pathways, including riverine input, atmospheric deposition, and urban runoff, are examined to elucidate MP dispersion mechanisms. Advanced detection methodologies, such as Neuston nets, manta trawls, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), are evaluated for their strengths and limitations. The review also assesses ecological and human health impacts, including MPs’ role as vectors for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals, and their potential to cause physical harm, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer in aquatic organisms. Human exposure pathways, such as ingestion of contaminated seafood and drinking water, are discussed, alongside emerging concerns about airborne MPs. Critical research gaps are identified, including the need for standardized methodologies, improved detection of finer particles, and comprehensive studies on chronic human exposure. The review underscores the urgency of global cooperation, innovative mitigation strategies, and stringent policies to address MP pollution to protect aquatic ecosystems and human health.