Synthesis and utilization of silver nanoparticles in heavy metal remediation from textile wastewater

ABSTRACT Textile effluents containing toxic heavy metals pose serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health. Here, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via chemical reduction and green routes using plant extracts and fungal filtrates, then immobilized in chitosan and cellulose matrices for remediation of textile-relevant wastewater. Characterization (UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD) confirmed nanoscale, crystalline, predominantly spherical AgNPs with route-dependent surface functionality. Batch tests showed high removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Cr6+ (typically > 90%), governed by surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and adsorption-assisted redox processes. Non-linear isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin) and kinetic analyses (PFO, PSO, intraparticle diffusion) with RMSE/χ2/AlCc model selection clarified rate-controlling steps and capacities. Biopolymer immobilization enabled multi-cycle regeneration with low Ag leaching and concurrent dye decolorization, improving environmental safety and handling. The results support an integrated materials-to-process pathway compatible with effluent treatment trains; future work targets column operation, scale-up, and techno-economic assessment.