The Rise of Palladium Nanoparticles: From Fabrication to Biomedical Breakthroughs

INTRODUCTION: Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are at the vanguard of nanotechnologydriven biomedical and industrial applications due to their exceptional electronic, catalytic, and optical properties. METHODS: The synthesis methodologies for PdNPs, which include physical, chemical, and biological approaches, are systematically examined in this review. A comprehensive literature survey is conducted to critically analyze key advancements, challenges, and application domains. Search engines explored were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Studies ranging from 2015 to 2025 were incorporated. RESULTS: Nanoparticle size and morphology can be precisely controlled through physical and chemical synthesis methods; however, these methods frequently pose environmental and scalability concerns. An eco-friendly alternative with enhanced biocompatibility is provided by biogenic synthesis, which employs microbial and plant extracts. PdNPs exhibit substantial potential in the fields of fuel cells, sensors, catalysis, and emerging biomedical applications, including cancer therapy, drug delivery, and imaging. DISCUSSION: While there are notable benefits, obstacles like swift mucociliary clearance, restricted drug-loading capacity, and variability in nasal responses continue to exist. Proposed solutions to address these challenges include innovations such as mucoadhesive coatings, hybrid polymers, and stimuli-responsive systems. Utilizing computational modeling and conducting clinical trials are crucial for enhancing formulations. CONCLUSION: In a variety of domains, PdNPs have the potential to create revolutionary changes. To successfully integrate them into real-world applications, further study into toxicity, functionalization, and scalable production is crucial.