Advancements in 3D Printing and Nanomaterials for Personalized Drug Delivery

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has transformed drug delivery by enabling the development of complex, patient-specific dosage forms and implantable systems tailored to individual therapeutic needs. This review explores the convergence of 3D printing technologies with nanomaterials in the fabrication of advanced drug delivery systems and biomedical implants. Key 3D printing techniques, including Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Direct Energy Deposition (DED), and electrospinning, are discussed alongside their material compatibilities, such as polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Nanomaterials-like dendrimers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and exosomes-are critically examined for their roles in enhancing drug stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release. The paper highlights innovative drug delivery strategies, including polypills, gastro-floating tablets, and compartmentalized dosage systems, enabled by precise 3D printing. Additionally, recent advancements in 3D-printed drugeluting implants for localized therapy in cancer and infectious diseases are presented. These systems demonstrate prolonged release profiles, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties resembling those of human tissue. Despite scaling and regulatory challenges, the future of this technology lies in the integration of smart materials, surface-modified nanoparticles, and AI-assisted design, paving the way for decentralized, personalized, and sustainable medical solutions.