Heterocyclic Scaffolds: A Powerful Arsenal against Cancer Cell Proliferation

Heterocyclic compounds constitute a diverse and indispensable class of molecules, particularly in the pharmaceutical area, which represent a rich source of potential anticancer agents. Their distinctive structural features enable a wide range of biological activities, making them crucial for drug development. Heterocyclic compounds containing pyrrole, furan, thiophene, oxadiazole, coumarin, or benzimidazole rings have demonstrated activity against various cancer cell lines. In this study, we have reviewed and summarised various types of heterocyclic moieties for their anticancer activity. Heterocyclic compounds can interact with DNA, inhibiting its replication and transcription, ultimately leading to cell death. Currently, several drugs, including doxorubicin, 5- fluorouracil, and methotrexate, are active against various types of cancer. In this regard, research is being conducted to enhance their therapeutic effects and minimize their side effects. For a future perspective, there remains a need to explore newer anticancer agents, with heterocyclic compounds continuing to be a center of attention. Heterocyclic compounds can interfere with signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, thereby disrupting the cancer phenotype and serving as a key structural feature of many anticancer drugs currently available on the market.