Nanotechnology in Ovarian Cancer: Innovations in Diagnostics and Treatments

Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the third most frequently occurring gynecological cancer and is associated with a high rate of mortality despite advances in conventional therapies. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies lack specificity, sensitivity, and long-term clinical effectiveness. Recently, nanotechnology has aimed to overcome these limitations. Patients have a poor prognosis mainly due to late diagnosis, with a high rate of therapy resistance and recurrence. Due to the shortcomings of conventional drug therapies and diagnostic strategies, alternative nanotechnology-based approaches have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of typical methods. This paper provides an updated and comparative analysis of multiple nanoparticle platforms, including lipidbased, inorganic, and polymeric nanoparticles, as well as biosensors, for OC treatment and diagnosis. Nanotechnology has evolved as a promising strategy for targeted therapeutic delivery, enhancing efficacy and safety while reducing side effects and resistance associated with typical treatments. Nanotechnology also addresses challenges, such as early-stage disease detection and the identification of tumor biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity. This article also covers recent and high-impact studies. This review provides a critical evaluation of challenges, including toxicity, targeting efficiency, and stability issues, as well as regulatory barriers that hinder the clinical progress of these nanotechnologies.