Advances in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Management: Diagnostic Innovations and Treatment Strategies

Abstract: Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) are transforming patient care. Progress in imaging modalities such as MRI, CT, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, coupled with molecular diagnostics including liquid biopsy and next-generation sequencing, has significantly improved early detection and tumour characterization. Artificial intelligence and radiomics models are further enhancing the interpretation of imaging and the prediction of treatment outcomes. Therapeutic strategies have expanded beyond traditional surgery, transplantation, and locoregional therapies to include systemic medicines. Notably, immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab, nivolumab), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., lenvatinib, sorafenib), and combination regimens such as atezolizumab plus bevacizumab have demonstrated improved survival and quality of life in patients with advanced or metastatic HCC. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery and novel biomarkers are opening new avenues for precision medicine. Despite these advances, challenges remain in sequencing therapies, overcoming treatment resistance, reducing recurrence, and ensuring equitable access worldwide. Personalized medicine guided by genomic and molecular profiling holds promise for tailoring treatment to tumour biology. Continuous innovation, multidisciplinary collaboration, and biomarker-driven clinical trials will be essential to shape the next generation of HCC management and improve long-term outcomes.