Therapeutic Interventions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Predictive Biomarkers of Therapeutic Response

This narrative review examines contemporary predictive biomarkers and therapeutic interventions in the management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The literature was retrieved from databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “Inflammatory bowel disease,” “biomarkers,” and “therapeutic interventions,” with inclusion criteria focusing on peer-reviewed human studies published till 2025. The review critically examines conventional and emerging treatments, including antibiotics, TNF inhibitors, probiotics, prebiotics, microbial replacement therapy, nutritional interventions, immunomodulators, and cell adhesion molecule inhibitors. It also synthesizes current findings on predictive biomarkers, including microbial profiles, genetic polymorphisms, hematological indicators, immune mediators, fecal markers, and anti-drug antibodies, that influence therapeutic response. Major trends indicate a growing emphasis on personalized medicine through biomarker-guided therapy. However, challenges such as clinical variability, biomarker accessibility, and standardization remain. This review underscores the need for integrated, biomarker-based approaches to enhance treatment efficacy and patient outcomes in IBD.