From hobby to 3D printing producer: A multi-perspective analysis of entrepreneurial evolution in Romania

Abstract. The evolution of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing has encouraged hobbyists to transition into entrepreneurs, creating small-scale businesses in resource-limited environments. This study investigates Romanian 3D printing producers, analyzing their activity models, technical capabilities, challenges, achievements and market positioning through survey data and interviews. Findings reveal that most producers operate as self-taught professionals, leveraging affordable printers (BambuLab, Creality, Prusa), PLA/ABS/PETG materials and social media marketing. Key challenges include unrealistic customer expectations, market saturation and financial barriers, yet some overcome these through niche specialization and hybrid manufacturing approaches. This research highlights factors influencing business sustainability, offering insights into growth potential and resilience of Romania’s decentralized 3D printing sector.