A review of approaches to assessing the knowledge of seagoing crew members in training using virtual reality technologies

This article presents a review of modern approaches to assessing the knowledge of seagoing crew members in the course of training using virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies. The evolution of educational systems in the maritime industry is analyzed in relation to the development of shipboard equipment and the requirements of international regulatory instruments, in particular the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Special attention is paid to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the implementation of distance learning technologies, emphasizing the advantages of VR-based solutions for immersive training, enhanced safety, and improved training effectiveness. The purpose of the study is to present the results of applied research conducted under a state-funded project entitled “Development of Digital Models of Navigational Equipment Using Virtual Reality Technologies.” The object of the study is the educational process of training seagoing personnel, while the subject includes digital three-dimensional models of navigational devices, procedures for their operation and technical maintenance, as well as educational and methodological support. The methods and materials section describes key approaches to knowledge assessment, including immersive simulations, interactive tasks, behavioral analysis based on biometric data and artificial intelligence tools, collaborative assessment in multi-user virtual environments, and adaptive assessment systems. The results and discussion propose a classification of assessment methods according to competency types (cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). A three-stage system for presenting learning material and assessing knowledge levels (mandatory, desirable, and optional) is proposed, with a shift away from traditional examinations toward continuous monitoring using virtual reality technologies. Over the period from 2022 to 2025, ten digital models of navigational devices, including a magnetic compass, radar, and GNSS equipment, were developed and integrated into a virtual navigation bridge. The article highlights the advantages of virtual reality technologies for the objective assessment of navigators’ knowledge and skills, while also identifying existing challenges. The creation of databases, video tutorials, and reference systems is recommended to support more intensive and effective training. The study contributes to improving the quality of crew training through the digitalization of maritime education.