STRATEGIC LAND DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR MALAY RESERVE LANDS (MRLs) IN MALAYSIA

There is currently no comprehensive strategic land development model to guide Bumiputera developers and landowners in developing Malay Reserve Lands (MRLs) in Malaysia. This study develops an evidence-based strategic land development model to support stakeholders involved in MRL development. A mixed-method approach is adopted, beginning with an inductive literature review to identify key success factors, followed by a questionnaire survey to empirically assess these factors. Quantitative data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 3 to evaluate the significance and strength of relationships among the constructs. The findings indicate that the establishment of research institutes exerts the strongest positive influence on strategic MRL development (β = 0.799), followed by special financial institutions (β = 0.223) and the enactment of a dedicated MRL Act (β = 0.146). In contrast, Bumiputera land development units show a negative relationship (β = –0.151), suggesting structural or implementation challenges. The proposed model provides a robust framework to inform policy formulation and enhance MRL development effectiveness in Malaysia.