Age-gender characteristics of urolithiasis: analysis of 5-year prevalence rates among men and women

Introduction. Urolithiasis ranks among the most common and socially significant urological conditions. Male sex and advancing age are well‑recognized risk factors for stone disease. In the general population, the likelihood of urolithiasis rises with age. At the same time, men and women differ not only in the prevalence of urolithiasis but also in the pattern of sex‑specific risk factors. Objective. To assess the age-gender characteristics of the urolithiasis. Materials & methods. The present study included 23464 patients hospitalized in the Urology division of Savelieva Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 31 from 2019 to 2024. The study group of patients consisted of patients with an established diagnosis of urolithiasis, while all other patients without urolithiasis formed the control group. Results. Urolithiasis was identified in 38.2% of respondents (8,972 patients). Among patients with urolithiasis, 55.9% were men (mean age 50.1 years) and 44.1% were women (mean age 54.5 years). The prevalence of urolithiasis in men increases steadily with age and reaches a plateau between 30–34 and 45–49 years. The highest odds of urolithiasis are observed in the 35–39-year age group: in these patients, the odds are 4.3-fold higher than in men aged 18–24 years (OR 4.326; 95% CI 3.433–5.449; p < 0.001), corresponding to a 68.8% probability of urolithiasis. Thereafter, the odds of urolithiasis gradually decrease. In women, the prevalence of urolithiasis also increases with age, peaking at 60–64 years. Thus, in women aged 60–64 years, the odds of urolithiasis are 3.4-fold higher than in those aged 18–24 years (OR 1.553; 95% CI 1.242–1.943; p < 0.001), corresponding to a 53.7% probability of urolithiasis. In patients aged 65 years and older, the odds of urolithiasis remain consistently high. Conclusion. Advancing age in men is associated with a lower probability of urolithiasis, whereas advancing age in women is associated with a higher probability of urolithiasis. These patterns may reflect age‑related changes in sex hormone levels, with androgens regarded as promoters of stone formation and estrogens as inhibitors of stone formation.