Screen Time and Chronic Pain Health: Mendelian Randomization Study

BACKGROUND The rapid proliferation of electronic devices has increased screen time, raising concerns about its potential health effects, including chronic pain. However, existing studies have limitations in scope and causal inference, with inconsistent findings and a lack of exploration of potential biological mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to investigate the causal associations and potential shared biological mechanisms between different forms of screen time and various chronic pain phenotypes. METHODS Leveraging genome-wide association study data, we investigated the association and potential shared biological mechanisms between screen time (time spent watching television, time spent using computer, and length of mobile phone use) and chronic pain phenotypes (including multisite chronic pain [MCP], back, knee, neck or shoulder, hip pain, and headaches). Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), reverse MR and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis were performed to examine associations between screen time and chronic pain. Summary data–based Mendelian randomization (SMR), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), and colocalization analysis were used to identify the shared genes and potential biological mechanism. RESULTS MR analysis revealed that time spent watching television and length of mobile phone use were positively associated with several types of chronic pain, while time spent using computer showed a negative association. Specifically, time spent watching television was positively associated with the risk of MCP (P=1.05×10–31; odds ratio [OR] 1.61, 95% CI 1.49-1.74), back pain (P=2.41×10–8; OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.19), knee pain (P=7.10×10–6; OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.13), neck or shoulder pain, and hip pain. Length of mobile phone use was positively associated with the risk of MCP (P=2.15×10–5; OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11-1.34), headaches, and neck or shoulder pain. However, time spent using computer was negatively associated with the risk of MCP (P