Rapid Epidemiological Data Collection on Social Media for COVID-19: Comparative Study Between Online Surveys and Conventional Cohorts

Background: After COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, global responses relied on nonpharmaceutical interventions such as physical distancing and mask mandates. These measures were guided by mathematical models built on empirical data. Although traditional methods such as surveys and observational studies provide high-quality data, they are often slow and resource-intensive. Social media polls (SMPs) offer a faster, more cost-effective alternative. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and biases of SMPs as a rapid supplementary tool for epidemiological data collection and to compare their representativeness and data quality with conventional approaches. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study in Germany, we used SMPs to collect data on infections and demographic attributes via Twitter and Mastodon. We collected data directly on the social media platforms as well as through forwarding to an external survey via post. The time frame covered was from 2019 to 2024. Data were analyzed for infection rates, sociodemographic representativeness, and overall data quality. Results: SMPs demonstrated viability as a rapid data collection tool. Based on a sample of 6127 answers on social media and 867 responses from the external survey, the self-reported frequency of infection aligned well with conventional sources. Across all 4 studies, approximately one-third of respondents reported having never been infected, half reported having had 1 infection, and one-sixth reported having had 2 or more infections. Statistical analyses of differences between data from Twitter, Mastodon, the external survey, and conventional data showed only small effect sizes (Cohen w=0.105-0.188). Spearman rank correlation demonstrated strong positive associations between infection dates in the external survey and conventional data (ρ=0.883, P