Implementation of an Emergency Medical Service–Integrated Teleconsultation Follow-Up Unit for Home-Based Patients With Suspected COVID-19 During Epidemiological Uncertainty in an Island Territory: Retrospective Descriptive Study

Background: Epidemiological and biological risks frequently expose Caribbean territories to emerging infectious threats. Martinique, a French overseas territory, is particularly vulnerable due to its tropical climate, insular geography, and recurrent exposure to arboviral epidemics. During exceptional health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, health care systems must rapidly adapt to a potentially sustained patient influx, evolving scientific knowledge, and heightened population anxiety. In March 2020, following the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in Martinique, the emergency medical service (EMS) implemented a teleconsultation follow-up unit dedicated to home-based patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the context of uncertainty regarding disease progression. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the health and psychological impact of this EMS-based teleconsultation follow-up unit during the first COVID-19 wave, in order to assess its potential as an organizational response strategy for future infectious health emergencies. Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective, descriptive study including all adult patients monitored by the EMS COVID-19 teleconsultation unit during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, between March 10 and May 31, 2020. Patients were initially triaged through the EMS call center and followed remotely using a standardized daily questionnaire. Follow-up frequency was determined according to clinical presentation. Collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, symptoms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing status, clinical outcomes (recovery, hospitalization, or death), anxiety levels assessed using a 5-point Likert scale at the beginning and end of follow-up, and satisfaction measured on a 10-point numeric scale. Results: Among 1255 patients monitored during the study period, 908 met inclusion criteria (mean age 45, SD 17 years; 57.6% female). Most patients (n=724, 79.7%) had no prior medical history. The most frequently reported symptoms were fever (n=177, 19.5%), respiratory difficulties (n=165, 18.2%), cough (n=152, 16.7%), myalgia (n=114, 12.6%), and diarrhea (n=91, 10.0%). Only 10.6% of patients underwent PCR testing due to limited availability during the early epidemic phase, of whom 62.5% tested positive. During follow-up, 68 patients (7.5%) required hospitalization, and 2 (0.2%) died during their hospital stay. The presence of at least 1 pre-existing medical condition and older age were both significantly associated with hospitalization for suspected COVID-19 (P