Association of Vitamin D and Weight Status With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in a Large Pediatric Population: Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D and weight status are key determinants for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. However, their independent and interactive associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes represent a critical yet insufficiently explored issue in pediatric health. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the independent associations of vitamin D status and weight status with neurodevelopmental outcomes in a large pediatric cohort and to explore how these relationships are stratified by age and sex. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the electronic health records of 19,283 healthy children who visited a health management center in a tertiary children's hospital. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3) (