BOSWELLIC ACIDS AS HERBAL THERAPEUTICS: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL POTENTIAL AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Boswellic acids (BAs), the bioactive components extracted from Boswellia serrata resins, have garnered considerable interest for their broad range of pharmaceutical applications. However, there have been gaps in clinical studies and its therapeutic effect. This review examines BA’s pharmacological processes and therapeutic effects with particular emphasis on mechanistic targets. A comprehensive analysis of preclinical and clinical studies published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted, focusing on key signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and disease progression. The findings indicate that BAs exert their effects primarily through modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related pathways, notably 5-lipoxygenase, nuclear factor kappa B, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Among various derivatives, Acetyl-11-keto-β-BA, 11-keto-beta- BA demonstrates enhanced biological activity. Preclinical and clinical results highlight the therapeutic effects of BA in managing diseases, including cancers, metabolic disorders, skin diseases like psoriasis, and neurological conditions. The multitargeted pharmacological profile of BA, along with its safety data, suggests its potential use in the management of disorders. Nonetheless, specific gaps such as dosing standardization, long-term safety, large scale trials, remain essential to confirm efficacy and safety in broader populations.