QUANTITATIVE HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE THROUGH VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION IN WATER BOARD MAJI DADI JALINGO

Objective: The objective of this study was to ascertain the concentrations of selected heavy metals in three leafy vegetables commonly eaten by Nigerians from Maji Dadi, Jalingo and evaluate the human health risks. Methods: Normal processes were used for the analysis to determine linearity, accuracy and precision of the system. We compared the results to what the WHO allows. Human health hazard assessments were evaluated using Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) model. Results: The levels of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were at a safer limit, while Pb, Cd and Cr were above WHO allowable limit. The THQ values for Pb and Cd were greater than 1, indicating non-carcinogenic risk. The HI varied from 3.59 to 3.97, which exceeded the safe limit (1), suggesting the cumulative exposure risks. The analysis of carcinogenic risk showed that the values of Pb and Cr were above acceptable limits indicating a risk of cancer. Conclusion: The vegetables discussed were primarily harmful to health because of the presence of Pb, Cd and Cr. The results indicate stricter environmental controls, improved management of irrigation water and enhanced awareness of food safety are needed to avert adverse health effects in the long-term.