Comparative Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis: A Conceptual Review of Reflexive Thematic, Interpretative Phenomenological, and Narrative Methods

This paper presents a comparative conceptual review of major qualitative data analysis approaches, focusing on reflexive thematic analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis, and narrative inquiry. Although reflexive thematic analysis is part of the broader tradition of thematic analysis, it is examined here as a distinct approach because of its specific epistemological assumptions, analytical procedures, and strong emphasis on researcher reflexivity (Braun and Clarke, 2006; 2019; 2021). The study explores how these three approaches differ in their engagement with data, construction of meaning, and interpretation of participants’ experiences. It compares their philosophical foundations, the role of the researcher in knowledge production, and their methods of developing analytical claims (Smith et al., 2009; Riessman, 2008). Rather than presenting new empirical findings, the paper synthesises methodological literature to examine how coding, theme development, interpretation, and reflexivity are understood and practised within each tradition. Particular attention is given to the researcher's positionality, analytical transparency, and theoretical engagement in shaping qualitative interpretations. Through systematic comparison, the study identifies key similarities and differences in how qualitative data are organised, interpreted, and evaluated. It shows how different analytical choices influence clarity, depth, and credibility in qualitative research. By bringing these approaches together, the study offers clear guidance to help researchers understand their options and analyse data more effectively in complex social research.