PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JUNIOR ROWERS - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

This systematic review examines the physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics of junior (U19) rowers. Rowing is a demanding endurance sport that combines aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, motor precision, and mental resilience. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published from 1997 to 2024 were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, CEEOL, and additional sources. Of the 217 records identified, 20 met the eligibility criteria and were included. The primary outcome was that the 2000 m ergometer performance; 1500 m and on-water data were considered as justified proxies when directly informative for U19 athletes. Key parameters evaluated were anthropometry and body composition, VO₂max and other aerobic indices, anaerobic power and maximal strength, motor abilities (especially coordination and explosive power), and psychological factors (resilience and stress management). Findings highlight the importance of height and limb length for biomechanical efficiency, VO₂max for sustained race pace, and anaerobic capacity for decisive start/finish phases. Lower limb strength and explosive motor abilities are consistently associated with better ergometer and on-water performance. Psychological resilience and effective stress management further differentiate high performing juniors. Practical implications include integrated development of aerobic and anaerobic capacities, targeted strength and power training, and systematic cultivation of psychological skills during adolescence, with routine monitoring of maturation. Longitudinal designs are recommended to track growth related changes and performance trajectories across U19 development. By consolidating current evidence, this review provides actionable guidance for talent identification and junior specific training strategies.