A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Voting System with Cryptographic and Steganographic Security

Democratic societies rely heavily on elections that citizens can trust, yet traditional voting methods—whether through paper ballots or Electronic voting machines (EVMs)—continue to struggle with issues like vote tampering, duplicate identities(unique voting ID), low transparency, and delayed results. Blockchain is used at the centre of this system because it functions without a single authority and keeps stored records fixed once they are written. This design removes a single point of attack and makes any hidden alteration of voting information highly unlikely. To strengthen security, cryptography is applied to protect voter identities and to confirm that only authorised individuals can cast a ballot. Steganography adds another layer by placing sensitive voting details within ordinary digital formats, which makes unauthorised detection or interference far less likely. In this work, we built and evaluated an e-voting model that runs on a blockchain network, maintains the principle of one vote per person, allows verification through a distributed set of nodes, and guards confidential data through multiple security measures. The outcome of this study indicates that bringing together a decentralised ledger, encryption, and concealed data techniques can support a more dependable and harder-to-tamper online voting platform, demonstrated here through a simple web-based prototype.