Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Challenges, and Evolving Management Approaches

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent and complex endocrine disorder affecting individuals of reproductive age, characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic disturbances. Its pathophysiology involves genetic susceptibility, insulin resistance, inflammation, and hormonal imbalance. The condition leads to reproductive challenges, dermatological concerns, psychological burden, and long term risks including type II diabetes and cardio-vascular disease. Diagnostic criteria have evolved, with the Rotterdam criteria remaining the most widely used for adults. Management focuses on lifestyle interventions, dietary strategies, and pharmacotherapy tailored to patient needs. Early detection and holistic care are essential to improve long-term health outcomes.