Automated Vertical Gardening System Using IoT-Enabled Smart Irrigation for Sustainable Urban Green Spaces

Urban development has caused significant vegetation loss, leading to air pollution, increased temperatures, and ecological imbalance. Vertical gardening addresses space constraints in cities, but manual maintenance is inefficient and costly. This work presents an IoT-based intelligent vertical garden system using a NodeMCU microcontroller and environmental sensors to continuously monitor plant conditions and automatically control irrigation. A 30-day field study showed 44% water savings, 90% cost reduction, and 98.7% system reliability, making it suitable for residential, commercial, and public spaces. The system is supported by an Android application that enables remote monitoring and control. Users can view real-time soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH values, switch between automatic and manual modes, adjust thresholds, and initiate irrigation instantly. The app also provides alerts for low moisture, system failure, or abnormal behavior, ensuring timely intervention. This integrated hardware-software approach makes automated vertical gardening practical for homes, hostels, and small institutions