Comparing lecturer and AI-based assessment in EFL academic writing: Hybrid framework implications

Effective assessment of EFL academic writing in Indonesian universities is still difficult because lecturers have heavy workloads and provide inconsistent feedback. While AI tools like Grammarly, ChatGPT, and Gemini promise to improve efficiency, most research focuses on single platforms or Western contexts. This leaves a significant gap in understanding how different AI systems compare with human assessment across various writing aspects in Indonesia's specific EFL environment. This mixed methods study addresses this gap by comparing lecturer assessments with three AI platforms in five writing areas: grammar, coherence, organization, vocabulary, and mechanics. It also explores stakeholder perceptions. A quantitative analysis of 30 students' essays showed that AI consistently gave higher scores in technical aspects, such as grammar and mechanics (p