Tailored Liposomal Nanocarriers for Precision Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer remains one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies worldwide and continues to represent a major public health concern despite substantial advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Conventional chemotherapy, although effective in many cases, is often associated with non-specific drug distribution, severe systemic toxicity, limited bioavailability, and the development of multidrug resistance. These limitations significantly compromise therapeutic outcomes and patient quality of life. Liposome-based drug delivery systems have developed as a highly promising nanotechnological approach to address these challenges by improving drug solubility, stability, circulation time, and tumor selectivity. Through rational design and surface functionalization, liposomes can be engineered to achieve passive and active targeting, controlled drug release, and reduced off-target effects. This review provides an expanded and original discussion of liposomal nanocarriers developed for targeted breast cancer therapy, covering formulation strategies, classification, targeting mechanisms, stimuli-responsive systems, clinical applications, current challenges, and future perspectives. Keywords: Liposomal nanocarriers; Breast cancer therapy; Targeted drug delivery; Nanomedicine; Stimuli-responsive systems; Precision oncology