A simplified framework for property valuation based on building age, condition, and usage

Property valuation is a critical component of real estate economics, urban planning, taxation, and investment decision-making. Traditional valuation methods often rely on complex models that require extensive market data, professional judgment, and location-specific assumptions, which can limit transparency and replicability. In rapidly urbanizing regions, inconsistent data availability and variations in construction quality further complicate accurate valuation. This research proposes a simplified and adaptable property valuation framework that integrates three fundamental determinants: building age, physical condition, and functional usage. The framework is designed to support preliminary valuation, comparative analysis, and decision-making in contexts where detailed market information may be limited or unreliable. Building age is treated as a proxy for depreciation and lifecycle performance, while physical condition reflects structural integrity, maintenance status, and observable deterioration. Usage category captures differences in functional demand, regulatory constraints, and income-generation potential across residential, commercial, and mixed-use properties. The proposed framework assigns weighted indices to each determinant, allowing for systematic aggregation into an overall valuation score. Conceptual validation is carried out through a review of established valuation theories, depreciation models, and building condition assessment practices. The framework emphasizes simplicity, transparency, and scalability, making it suitable for use by planners, engineers, local authorities, and small-scale investors. By reducing dependence on highly specialized inputs, the model enhances accessibility while retaining analytical rigor. The research argues that a structured yet simplified approach can improve consistency in early-stage valuation and support more informed decision-making in property management and development. Although the framework is not intended to replace comprehensive market-based valuation methods, it offers a practical complementary tool for screening, benchmarking, and policy analysis. Future applications may include integration with digital survey tools and urban property databases to enhance reliability and contextual adaptability.