A comphrehensive review of herb induced liver injuries

Herb-induced liver injuries (HILI) are increasingly recognized as significant causes of hepatic dysfunction worldwide, driven in part by the growing consumption of herbal and dietary supplements. Traditionally valued plants such as Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Aloe vera, and Garcinia cambogia are widely used for therapeutic purposes; however, emerging evidence associates them with varying degrees of hepatotoxicity. The underlying mechanisms may involve metabolic disturbances, immune-mediated reactions, or impairment of detoxification pathways within the liver. Histopathological examinations often reveal hepatocellular necrosis, cholestatic changes, and inflammatory infiltration. Poor quality control, contamination, and unregulated manufacturing practices further increase the potential for toxicity.