Role of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in the management of hypocalcemia: A review

A prevalent electrolyte imbalance in hospitalized and severely ill patients, hypocalcemia is linked to serious cardiovascular and neuromuscular problems. Reduced parathyroid hormone activity, vitamin D inadequacy, renal failure, and imbalances in minerals are all part of its pathophysiology. While zinc supports bone metabolism, immunological response, and cellular regulation, magnesium deficiency decreases parathyroid hormone release and action, highlighting their interdependent roles in calcium homeostasis. Mild paresthesia to potentially fatal tetany, convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmias are examples of clinical symptoms. Acute intravenous calcium therapy, long-term oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and correction of related mineral deficiencies are all part of management, which varies according to severity and origin. The pathogenesis, prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment of hypocalcemia are discussed in this review, with a focus on the therapeutic value of supplementing with calcium, magnesium, and zinc.