Otitis in small animals – an update

Otitis externa, a prevalent condition in small animals (7.5–18 % dogs, 2–7% cats), arises from primary triggers such as allergies, endocrine disorders, parasites, and foreign bodies, compounded by secondary microbial overgrowth (e.g., Staphylococcus, Malassezia, Pseudomonas) and predisposing/perpetuating factors like conformational defects and canal stenosis. Progression leads to epithelial hyperplasia, glandular changes, tympanic rupture, and otitis media, manifesting as head shaking, malodour, and purulent discharge. Diagnosis relies on history, otoscopy, cytology, culture, and imaging (CT for bullae). Treatment emphasises thorough cleaning, topical antimicrobials/glucocorticoids, systemic therapy for severe cases (e.g., cephalexin 22 mg/kg q12h, prednisolone 1–2 mg/kg), and surgery (TECA/BO) for end-stage disease. Addressing underlying causes prevents recurrence and structural damage.