Urinary tract emergencies in small animals: A review

Urinary tract emergencies in dogs and cats, including urinary tract obstruction, uroperitoneum, acute kidney injury (AKI), and feline urethral obstruction (FUO), represent critical conditions requiring rapid diagnosis and intervention. Urethral and ureteral obstructions commonly result from urolithiasis in dogs and urethral plugs in cats, leading to metabolic derangements such as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and azotemia. Uroperitoneum arises from lower urinary tract rupture, confirmed by diagnostic imaging and fluid biochemical ratios. AKI develops secondary to ischemia or nephrotoxicity, exhibiting elevated renal biomarkers and azotemia. Feline urethral obstruction, often related to stress-induced FLUTD, necessitates stabilization, catheterization, pain control, and environmental management. Prompt recognition and correction of electrolyte imbalances, fluid therapy, and appropriate surgical or medical interventions are vital to prevent life-threatening sequelae and ensure successful recovery.