Hematological and serum biochemical changes induced by individual and combined exposure to lithium carbonate and lead acetate in rats

Heavy metal contamination in soil, water, and sediments is a global issue, drawing increasing attention due to its environmental and health effects. The accumulation of heavy metals like lithium and lead, particularly linked to the growing use of electric vehicles, poses serious threats to ecosystems, animals, and humans. To investigate the effects of individual and combined exposure to lithium carbonate (Li) and lead acetate (Pb) over 28 days in 24 adult male rats, the rats were divided into 4 groups. The rats of the control group were administered reverse osmosis water. The Li and Pb were administered orally for 28 days to rats of individual toxicity groups at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight. The rats of the fourth group were administered with both compounds at a dose rate of 20 mg each/kg body weight orally for 28 days. Co-exposure to Li and Pb resulted in a reduction in platelet counts and an elevation in white blood cell levels, indicating interactive toxic effects. Serum biochemical analysis revealed increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and urea levels in the Li and Li + Pb groups, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were elevated across all treated groups. A significant rise in triglyceride levels was observed in the Li-treated group. Overall, the findings demonstrate that exposure to Li and Pb induces notable alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, with both distinct and interactive toxicity profiles.