Comprehensive review of emergence of lumpy skin disease in Indian subcontinent

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging, economically important viral disease of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus. The present review aims to summarize the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and control measures of LSD with special reference to its global and Indian scenario. Information was compiled from published literature, outbreak reports, and international disease databases. LSD is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, and the sudden appearance of multiple firm skin nodules, leading to significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, infertility, hide damage, and mortality. The disease has shown rapid transboundary spread across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and recently India. Control strategies mainly rely on early diagnosis, movement restriction, vector control, and vaccination. Effective prevention and surveillance are essential to mitigate the impact of LSD on livestock health and productivity.