Hydramnios due to Catlin mark-associated fetal anomaly in a murrah buffalo

Hydramnios (hydrops of the amnion) in bovines is uncommon and is typically linked to fetal anomalies that impair deglutition. A 7-year-old Murrah buffalo in its third parity was presented with progressive abdominal distension and no signs of straining. Per-rectal examination revealed a tense, fluid-filled, inelastic uterus with non-palpable placentomes and fetal parts. Transrectal ultrasonography demonstrated an anechoic, fluid-filled amniotic sac, leading to a diagnosis of hydramnios. The dam was stabilized and parturition induced using cloprostenol, oestrogen, valethamate bromide and cervical massage with warm sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Complete cervical dilatation occurred within ~12 h, after which controlled traction with ample lubrication resulted in vaginal delivery of a dead male calf. Gross examination of the fetus revealed a frontal cranial fissure consistent with Catlin mark (cranium bifidum), providing a plausible mechanism for impaired fetal swallowing and excessive amniotic fluid accumulation. Post-partum management with fluids, antibiotics, ecbolic, and supportive therapy led to uneventful recovery and normal lactation. This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and timely induction of parturition, along with careful obstetrical manipulation, in effectively managing hydramnios and preventing the need for caesarean section.