Pskov Chronicles on the History of Russian-Horde Relations

The author examines the Pskov Chronicle collections, written in the 15th century, towards the end of and after the end of the yoke of the Golden Horde. These chronicles represent not only a separate layer of information on the history of the Golden Horde and Russian-Horde relations, but also a unique perspective and evaluative characteristics of the period and its events. The author presents the viewpoint of intellectuals assessing events in the territory not subject to the Mongol-Tatar invasion. It is shown that the understanding of the history of Russian-Horde relations and the events associated with them took place in Pskov in the context of relative political independence, at least from the Golden Horde authorities and their steppe political doctrine. The author concludes that the history of the Golden Horde and Russian-Horde relations in the Chronical is presented with reliable evidence, and that some of this evidence is unique and that it requires further research. Moreover, when taking into account other data, the information of the Pskov Chronicles provides important additional information on the history of the Golden Horde and Russian-Horde relations. Of specific importance is the layer of evaluative, historiosophical, and religious information revealed it through systematizing evidence about the Horde and Russian-Horde relations. The sources differ in their geographical origin and reflect the sequence of events based on the availability of information about the events that inspire them.