RECENT ADVANCES IN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Surgical practice has undergone remarkable transformation over recent decades, driven by technological advancements, enhanced understanding of human anatomy and physiology, and improvements in perioperative care. Traditionally, open surgery served as the cornerstone of operative management, providing direct visualization and manual access to anatomical structures. However, it was often associated with significant tissue trauma, prolonged hospitalization, postoperative pain, and elevated morbidity. These limitations prompted the development of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques, including laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures, which have revolutionized surgery by reducing operative trauma, accelerating recovery, minimizing complications, and expanding eligibility to high-risk patients.Early reviews of surgical advancements typically addressed isolated technologies or individual specialties, lacking an integrated, contemporary perspective. Rapid innovation has rendered much of the existing literature insufficient, highlighting the need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary synthesis that evaluates clinical impact, technological progress, and emerging trends.This review addresses these gaps by examining recent innovations across key domains. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) emphasizes laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques that minimize tissue disruption. Robotic-Assisted Surgery highlights improvements in precision, dexterity, and operative efficiency. Image-Guided and Navigation Surgery focuses on enhanced intraoperative visualization. 3D Printing and Patient-Specific Implants enable personalized surgical solutions, while Regenerative Surgery and Biomaterials explore advances in tissue repair. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Surgery enhance decision-making, predictive analytics, and outcome optimization. Tele-robotics and Remote Surgery extend surgical access and capabilities globally.By synthesizing these developments, this review rectifies the limitations of prior literature, offering an evidence-based, multidisciplinary perspective. It provides clinicians, researchers, and policymakers with a contemporary framework to optimize surgical care, adopt advanced technologies judiciously, and navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of modern surgery.