Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant, antibacterial potential and proximate composition of Withania somnifera root extracts using different solvents

Aim: To evaluate the proximate composition, phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity of Withania somnifera root extracts using eco-friendly solvents. Methodology: Roots of W. somnifera were collected, dried, and ground into fine powder. Extracts were prepared using different solvents (aqueous, n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol) and subjected to proximate analysis, qualitative phytochemical screening, antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS), and antimicrobial activity tests. Additionally, FTIR and HPLC analyses were performed to identify and quantify bioactive compounds. Results: Proximate analysis showed: moisture content (10.22 ± 0.25%), protein 7.87%, fiber 17.32%, fat 0.63 %, ash 5.22 % and gross energy 3547 kcal kg-1 respectively. Phytochemical screening indicated that the ethanolic extract contained the highest concentration of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant assays showed strong dose-dependent radical scavenging activity, with the ABTS assay reported higher inhibition compared to DPPH. The ethanolic extract also exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with a maximum inhibition zone of 22 ± 0.6 mm against Escherichia coli. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of phenolic compounds, while HPLC analysis quantified withaferin A at 93.555 µg. Interpretation: The ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera roots demonstrated superior phytochemical richness, potent antioxidant capacity and significant antibacterial activity. These findings highlight its potential application in the formulation of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. Key words: Activity, Antibacterial, Bioactive compounds, Phytochemicals, Withania somnifera